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Greek Thought, Arabic Culture: The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement in Baghdad and Early ʿAbbāsid Society (2nd-4th/8th-10th centuries)

Dimitri Gutas. . Arabic Thought and Culture. London and New York: Routledge, 1998.

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The standard account of why the translation movement happened, not only that it did: patronage, the Abbasid ideology of universal empire, and the demand for astrology and astronomy as an early driver alongside medicine and philosophy. Paperback ISBN and pagination (xvii + 230 pp.) confirmed against the Cambridge Core review of the 1998 printing; a hardback impression carries ISBN 9780415061322.

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al-Bīrūnī
For the wider Arabic scientific culture his career sits inside.
Māshāʾallāh
For the court context his astrology worked inside.
The Graeco-Arabic Translation Movement
The standard account of why the movement happened and not only that it did, including the caliphal court's stake in astrology as an early driver.